Jimi Hendrix Bio:
When Hendrix became an international
superstar in 1967, it seemed as if he'd dropped out of a Martian
spaceship, but in fact he'd served his apprenticeship the long, mundane
way in numerous R&B acts on the chitlin circuit. During the early
and mid-'60s, he worked with such R&B/soul greats as Little Richard,
the Isley Brothers, and King Curtis as a backup guitarist. Occasionally
he recorded as a session man (the Isley Brothers' 1964 single
"Testify" is the only one of these early tracks that offers
even a glimpse of his future genius). But the stars didn't appreciate
his show-stealing showmanship, and Hendrix was straight-jacketed by
sideman roles that didn't allow him to develop as a soloist. The logical
step was for Hendrix to go out on his own, which he did in New York in
the mid-'60s, playing with various musicians in local clubs, and joining
white blues-rock singer John Hammond Jr.'s band for a while.
It was in a New York club that Hendrix
was spotted by Animals bassist Chas Chandler. The first lineup of the
Animals was about to split, and Chandler, looking to move into
management, convinced Hendrix to move to London and record as a solo act
in England. There a group was built around Jimi, also featuring Mitch
Mitchell on drums and Noel Redding on bass, that was dubbed the Jimi
Hendrix Experience. The trio became stars with astonishing speed in the
U.K., where "Hey Joe," "Purple Haze," and "The
Wind Cries Mary" all made the Top Ten in the first half of 1967.
These tracks were also featured on their debut album, Are You
Experienced?, a psychedelic meisterwerk that became a huge hit in the
U.S. after Hendrix created a sensation at the Monterey Pop Festival in
June of 1967. |
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Are You Experienced? was an
astonishing debut, particularly from a young R&B veteran who had
rarely sung, and apparently never written his own material, before the
Experience formed. What caught most people's attention at first was his
virtuosic guitar playing, which employed an arsenal of devices,
including wah-wah pedals, buzzing feedback solos, crunching distorted
riffs, and lightning, liquid runs up and down the scales. But Hendrix
was also a first-rate songwriter, melding cosmic imagery with some
surprisingly pop-savvy hooks and tender sentiments. He was also an
excellent blues interpreter and passionate, engaging singer (although
his gruff, throaty vocal pipes were not nearly as great assets as his
instrumental skills). Are You Experienced? was psychedelia at its most
eclectic, synthesizing mod pop, soul, R&B, Dylan, and the electric
guitar innovations of British pioneers like Jeff Beck, Pete Townshend,
and Eric Clapton.
Amazingly, Hendrix would only record
three fully conceived studio albums in his lifetime. Axis: Bold as Love
and the double-LP Electric Ladyland were more diffuse and experimental
than Are You Experienced? On Electric Ladyland in particular, Hendrix
pioneered the use of the studio itself as a recording instrument,
manipulating electronics and devising overdub techniques (with the help
of engineer Eddie Kramer in particular) to plot uncharted sonic
territory. Not that these albums were perfect, as impressive as they
were; the instrumental breaks could meander, and Hendrix's songwriting
was occasionally half-baked, never matching the consistency of Are You
Experienced? (although he exercised greater creative control over the
later albums).
The final two years of Hendrix's life
were turbulent ones musically, financially, and personally. He was
embroiled in enough complicated management and record company disputes
(some dating from ill-advised contracts he'd signed before the
Experience formed) to keep the lawyers busy for years. He disbanded the
Experience in 1969, forming the Band of Gypsies with drummer Buddy Miles
and bassist Billy Cox to pursue funkier directions. He closed Woodstock
with a sprawling, shaky set, redeemed by his famous machine-gun
interpretation of "The Star Spangled Banner." The rhythm
section of Mitchell and Redding were underrated keys to Jimi's best
work, and the Band of Gypsies ultimately couldn't measure up to the same
standard, although Hendrix did record an erratic live album with them.
In early 1970, the Experience re-formed again -- and disbanded again
shortly afterward. At the same time, Hendrix felt torn in many
directions by various fellow musicians, record-company expectations, and
management pressures, all of whom had their own ideas of what Hendrix
should be doing. Coming up on two years after Electric Ladyland, a new
studio album had yet to appear, although Hendrix was recording
constantly during the period.
While outside parties did contribute to
bogging down Hendrix's studio work, it also seems likely that Jimi
himself was partly responsible for the stalemate, unable to form a
permanent lineup of musicians, unable to decide what musical direction
to pursue, unable to bring himself to complete another album despite
jamming endlessly. A few months into 1970, Mitchell -- Hendrix's most
valuable musical collaborator -- came back into the fold, replacing
Miles in the drum chair, although Cox stayed in place. It was this trio
that toured the world during Hendrix's final months.
It's extremely difficult to separate the
facts of Hendrix's life from rumors and speculation. Everyone who knew
him well, or claimed to know him well, has different versions of his
state of mind in 1970. Critics have variously mused that he was going to
go into jazz, that he was going to get deeper into the blues, that he
was going to continue doing what he was doing, or that he was too
confused to know what he was doing at all. The same confusion holds true
for his death: contradictory versions of his final days have been given
by his closest acquaintances of the time. He'd been working
intermittently on a new album, tentatively titled First Ray of the New
Rising Sun, when he died in London on September 18, 1970, from
drug-related complications.
Hendrix recorded a massive amount of
unreleased studio material during his lifetime. Much of this (as well as
entire live concerts) was issued posthumously; several of the live
concerts were excellent, but the studio tapes have been the focus of
enormous controversy for over 20 years. These initially came out in
haphazard drabs and drubs (the first, The Cry of Love, was easily the
most outstanding of the lot). In the mid-'70s, producer Alan Douglas
took control of these projects, posthumously overdubbing many of
Hendrix's tapes with additional parts by studio musicians. In the eyes
of many Hendrix fans, this was sacrilege, destroying the integrity of
the work of a musician known to exercise meticulous care over the final
production of his studio recordings. Even as late as 1995, Douglas was
having ex-Knack drummer Bruce Gary record new parts for the typically
misbegotten compilation Voodoo Soup. After a lengthy legal dispute, the
rights to Hendrix's estate, including all of his recordings, returned to
Al Hendrix, the guitarist's father, in July of 1995.
With the help of Jimi's step-sister
Janie, Al set up Experience Hendrix to begin to get Jimi's legacy in
order. They began by hiring John McDermott and Jimi's original engineer,
Eddie Kramer to oversee the remastering process. They were able to find
all the original master tapes, which had never been used for previous CD
releases, and in April of 1997, Hendrix's first three albums were
reissued with drastically improved sound. Accompanying those reissues
was a posthumous compilation album (based on Jimi's handwritten track
listings) called First Rays of the New Rising Sun, made up of tracks
from the Cry of Love, Rainbow Bridge and War Heroes.
Later in 1997, another compilation called
South Saturn Delta showed up, collecting more tracks from posthumous LPs
like Crash Landing, War Heroes, and Rainbow Bridge (without the terrible
'70s overdubs), along with a handful of never-before-heard material that
Chas Chandler had withheld from Alan Douglas for all those years.
More archival material followed; Radio
One was basically expanded to the two-disc BBC Sessions (released in
1998), and 1999 saw the release of the full show from Woodstock as well
as additional concert recordings from the Band of Gypsies shows entitled
Live at the Fillmore East. 2000 saw the release of the Jimi Hendrix
Experience four-disc box set, which compiled remaining tracks from In
the West, Crash Landing and Rainbow Bridge along with more rarities and
alternates from the Chandler cache.
The family also launched Dagger Records,
essentially an authorized bootleg label to supply harcore Hendrix fans
with material that would be of limited commercial appeal. Dagger Records
has released several live concerts (of shows in Oakland, Ottawa and
Clark University in Massachusetts) and a collection of studio jams and
demos called Morning Symphony Ideas. ~ Richie Unterberger & Sean
Westergaard, All Music Guide |